Experimental Design

Experimental Design

By Saul McLeod, updated 2017

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Experimental design refers to how participants are allocated to the different groups in an experiment. Types of design include repeated measures, independent groups, and matched pairs designs.

Probably the commonest way to design an experiment in psychology is to divide the participants into two groups, the experimental group, and the control group, and then introduce a change to the experimental group and not the control group.

The researcher must decide how he/she will allocate their sample to the different experimental groups.  For example, if there are 10 participants, will all 10 participants take part in both groups (e.g., repeated measures) or will the participants be split in half and take part in only one group each?

1. Independent Measures:

1. Independent Measures:

Independent measures design, also known as between-groups, is an experimental design where different participants are used in each condition of the independent variable.  This means that each condition of the experiment includes a different group of participants. 

This should be done by random allocation, which ensures that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to one group or the other.

Independent measures involve using two separate groups of participants; one in each condition. For example:

• Con: More people are needed than with the repeated measures design (i.e., more time consuming).
• Pro: Avoids order effects (such as practice or fatigue) as people participate in one condition only.  If a person is involved in several conditions, they may become bored, tired and fed up by the time they come to the second condition, or becoming wise to the requirements of the experiment!
• Con: Differences between participants in the groups may affect results, for example; variations in age, gender or social background.  These differences are known as participant variables (i.e., a type of extraneous variable).
• Control: After the participants have been recruited, they should be randomly assigned to their groups. This should ensure the groups are similar, on average (reducing participant variables).

2. Repeated Measures:

2. Repeated Measures:

Repeated Measures design is an experimental design where the same participants take part in each condition of the independent variable.  This means that each condition of the experiment includes the same group of participants.

Repeated Measures design is also known as within groups, or within-subjects design.

• Pro: As the same participants are used in each condition, participant variables (i.e., individual differences) are reduced.
• Con: There may be order effects. Order effects refer to the order of the conditions having an effect on the participants’ behavior.  Performance in the second condition may be better because the participants know what to do (i.e. practice effect).  Or their performance might be worse in the second condition because they are tired (i.e., fatigue effect). This limitation can be controlled using counterbalancing.
• Pro: Fewer people are needed as they take part in all conditions (i.e. saves time).
• Control: To combat order effects the researcher counter balances the order of the conditions for the participants.  Alternating the order in which participants perform in different conditions of an experiment.

Counterbalancing

Counterbalancing

Suppose we used a repeated measures design in which all of the participants first learned words in 'loud noise' and then learned it in 'no noise.'  We would expect the participants to show better learning in 'no noise' simply because of order effects, such as practice. However, a researcher can control for order effects using counterbalancing.

The sample would split into two groups experimental (A) and control (B).  For example, group 1 does ‘A’ then ‘B,’ group 2 does ‘B’ then ‘A’ this is to eliminate order effects.  Although order effects occur for each participant, because they occur equally in both groups, they balance each other out in the results.

3. Matched Pairs:

3. Matched Pairs:

A matched pairs design is an experimentl design where pairs of participants are matched in terms of key variables, such as age or socioeconomic status. One member of each pair is then placed into the experimental group and the other member into the control group.

One member of each matched pair must be randomly assigned to the experimental group and the other to the control group.

• Con: If one participant drops out you lose 2 PPs’ data.
• Pro: Reduces participant variables because the researcher has tried to pair up the participants so that each condition has people with similar abilities and characteristics.
• Con: Very time-consuming trying to find closely matched pairs.
• Pro: Avoids order effects, and so counterbalancing is not necessary.
• Con: Impossible to match people exactly, unless identical twins!
• Control: Members of each pair should be randomly assigned to conditions. However, this does not solve all these problems.

Experimental Design Summary

Experimental Design Summary

Experimental design refers to how participants are allocated to the different conditions (or IV levels) in an experiment. There are three types:

1. Independent measures / between-groups: Different participants are used in each condition of the independent variable.

2. Repeated measures /within-groups: The same participants take part in each condition of the independent variable.

3. Matched pairs: Each condition uses different participants, but they are matched in terms of important characteristics, e.g., gender, age, intelligence, etc.

Animation created by Tom H

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Learning Check

Learning Check

Read about each of the experiments below. For each experiment, identify (1) which experimental design was used; and (2) why the researcher might have used that design.

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Experiment Terminology

Experiment Terminology

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