Social Norms

Norms are implicit (unwritten) social rules which define what is expected of individuals in certain situations. They are measures of what is seen as normal in society, and govern the acceptable behavior in society (societal standards).

Social Construction of Reality

The social construction of reality is a theory that suggests that humans create their own understanding of reality, through their interactions and communications with others. This includes the way we see and interpret the world around us, as well as how we interact with others.

Social Action Theory (Weber)

Social action theory is a critical theory in sociology that holds that society is constructed through the interactions and meanings of the people who make up society.

Secondary Socialization

Secondary socialization is the process by which an individual learns the basic values, norms, and behaviors that are expected of them outside the main agency of the family.

Karl Marx

The main criticisms of Marxist theory include its deterministic view of history, overemphasis on class conflict, and belief in the inevitability of a proletariat revolution. Critics argue that it neglects other forms of identity and conflict (such as race, gender, or religion), underestimates the resilience of capitalism, and overlooks the potential for non-revolutionary paths to social change. Furthermore, attempts to implement Marxist theory in practice, as in various forms of socialism and communism, have often resulted in authoritarian regimes and economic challenges.