The Working Memory Model, proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in 1974, describes short-term memory as a system with multiple components.
It comprises the central executive, which controls attention and coordinates the phonological loop (handling auditory information) and the visuospatial sketchpad (processing visual and spatial information).
A within-subjects design is an experimental design in which the same group of participants is exposed to all independent variable levels. This design controls for individual differences and often requires fewer participants.
William James is often called the father of American psychology. He contributed significantly by founding the school of functionalism, focusing on how mental activities help an individual adapt to their environment. He also wrote “The Principles of Psychology”, a foundational text in the field. His “Theory of Self” concept and pragmatic approach to psychology have had long-lasting influences.
Wilhelm Reich was an Austrian psychoanalyst who developed the theory of orgone energy, a supposed universal life force. He built devices called orgone accumulators that he claimed could concentrate orgone energy and have healing powers, though these claims were pseudoscientific and never proven.