Learned helplessness is a psychological phenomenon in which a person learns that they cannot avoid bad things happening in the future. This causes a person to stop trying to prevent them. Learned helplessness is often associated with depression.
Lewin (1939) and his colleagues set out to identify different leadership styles. While other researchers have identified more, Lewin’s original work has provided a basis for more defined leadership theories.
Language Acquisition in psychology refers to the process by which humans acquire the ability to perceive, produce, and use words to understand and communicate. This innate capacity typically develops in early childhood and involves complex interplay of genetic, cognitive, and social factors.
Andrei and Vanya are identical twin boys born in 1960. The twins lost their mother shortly after birth, and were cared for by a social agency for a year and then fostered by a maternal aunt for a further six months. Their development was normal.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a pyramid of the needs that motivate people. Individuals most basic needs, at the base of the pyramid, are physiological. Once they have fulfilled these needs, people move on to their safety needs, social well-being, self-esteem then ultimately their need for self-actualization.
The strange situation is a standardized procedure devised by Mary Ainsworth in the 1970s to observe attachment security in children within the context of caregiver relationships. It applies to infants between the age of nine and 18 months.
The procedure involves a series of eight episodes lasting approximately 3 minutes each, whereby a mother, child, and stranger are introduced, separated, and reunited.
Marxism is a social, political, and economic philosophy named after Karl Marx (1818-1883). Marxism has had a great historical influence on the organization of countries, as well as numerous theories in sociology.
The Marshmallow Test is an experiment conducted by Stanford psychologist, Walter Mischel in the 1960s. In this study, a child was offered a choice between one small reward (like a marshmallow) immediately or two small rewards if they waited for a short period, usually 15 minutes, during which the tester left the room. The test was designed to measure self-control and the ability to delay gratification, which has been linked to success in later life.
Margaret Mead was a prominent anthropologist who compared tribal cultures, notably in her study of adolescent girls in Samoa. Her work challenged Western assumptions about gender and sexuality, suggesting these aspects are largely culturally determined rather than biologically fixed, profoundly influencing the field of cultural anthropology.
Lucid dreaming refers to the experience of being aware that you’re dreaming while you’re asleep. It’s a state of consciousness that combines aspects of both wakefulness and REM sleep, the stage of sleep in which most vivid dreaming occurs. It is often associated with greater dream recall and the ability to control or manipulate the dream narrative.