On This Page:

Anxious attachment style is characterized by a strong desire for closeness, fear of abandonment, and heightened emotional responses in relationships.

Individuals with this attachment style often seek constant reassurance and may become overly dependent on their partners.

If you tend to feel insecure, worried about rejection, or clingy with romantic partners, you may have an anxious attachment style.

Attachment styles as secure, anxious, avoidant or fearful outline diagram. Labeled educational axis scale with high or low avoidance and anxiety as influence to people relationship vector — Attachment styles are expectations people develop about relationships with others, and the first attachment is based on the relationship individuals had with their primary caregiver when they were infants.

Around 20% of people develop an anxious attachment (Hazan & Shaver, 2017), which originates in unpredictable or insensitive parenting in childhood.

The good news is that with self-awareness and effort, it is possible to feel more secure. Having an anxious attachment style doesn’t mean you can’t have healthy, thriving relationships.

While it presents challenges, you can absolutely learn to manage anxious attachment and heal emotional wounds with the right strategies.

Signs Of Anxious Attachment in Adults

It might not always be easy to recognize an anxious attachment style in adults. Some of the key signs include:

1. Clinginess and hyperactivating strategies

Needing constant contact and support from others
A constant need for reassurance that you are good enough
Hypersensitivity to rejection and abandonment
Using physical closeness, like hugging or holding, as a tool to gain reassurance or reduce anxiety

2. Fear of abandonment and rejection

Worrying that a partner might leave, even without obvious signs of problems.
High emotional reactivity when someone isn’t available
Afraid or incapable of being alone
Hypersensitivity to rejection; sudden changes in a partner’s mood may be perceived as dwindling love or a breakup omen.
Feeling insecure or threatened by a partner’s independence or time apart

3. Trust issues

Due to fears of being rejected or deemed unworthy, you might become overly dependent or clingy in relationships.
Experience heightened jealousy or perceive threats to your relationships even when there aren’t any, leading to constant reassurances.
Even if your partner is consistently loving and supportive, you find it hard to believe that this behavior will consistently continue long-term
Difficulty letting your guard down with your partner due to trust issues

4. Emotional neediness (Dependence on Others for Self-worth)

Craving for intimacy, while simultaneously fearing emotional rejection from a partner
Needing regular affirmation and validation that you are loved, wanted, and not going to be abandoned
Overly dependent on your partner for emotional support
If my partner seeks independence or alone time, I might misconstrue it as a lack of interest or love
Having difficulty setting and respecting boundaries

5. Feeling unworthy

Negative self-view or self-worth
Feeling unworthy of love and not good enough to be in a relationship (thinking you don’t deserve your partner)
Doubt your worthiness in a relationship, leading you to question why anyone would want to be with you, and fear your partner will soon recognize their “flaws” and leave
Due to fear of negative outcomes or triggering conflicts, you might avoid honest conversations, even about your own needs or feelings.
Small behaviors or comments from your partner might be overanalyzed, leading you to jump to negative conclusions
The impulse to fix things and solve other people’s problems at one’s own expense
A positive view of others
Ruminate over and overanalyze small things
Tendancy to blame yourself or feel responsible for problems in a relationship

6. Dependency, people-pleasing, and overgiving

Relying heavily on others for self-worth; difficulty being alone or self-reliant.
Prioritizing a partner’s needs over your own; saying “yes” even when you disagree.
Micromanaging or trying to “fix,” save, or take care of a partner to make yourself feel indispensable.
Devoting disproportionate time and energy to the relationship and feeling rejected when a partner attends to other areas of life.

7. Difficulty with Endings and Conflict

Finding breakups, job changes, or other separations deeply destabilizing, with prolonged recovery times.
Walking on eggshells to avoid conflict—or conversely, erupting in anger when triggered.
Overstaying in unhealthy or unfulfilling relationships for fear of losing connection and safety.

some of the signs of anxious attachment in adults — Anxious attachment (also known as preoccupied attachment) is one of four attachment styles that people can develop. It is characterized by a fear of abandonment, a strong need for reassurance, and discomfort with too much independence in relationships.

What Causes Anxious Attachment?

Anxious attachment is thought to stem from childhood and can stick with a person into adulthood.

While there is not always a clear-cut answer for why someone may develop an anxious attachment, it could be a result of some of the following factors:

1. Emotionally distant caregivers

If a parent or caregiver is distant or neglectful of the child’s needs, the child will not feel a sense of security and stability.

Children who do not get their emotional needs met, especially when distressed or anxious, are likely to experience elevated levels of these emotions.

For example, if, as a child, your parent never comforted you when you were upset and instead walked off or gave you the silent treatment, this could increase feelings of anxiety and of not feeling safe with your parent.

This can continue throughout life in terms of friendships and romantic relationships in which others do not provide the comfort that the individual expects.

2. Inconsistent parenting

Parenting is inconsistent when there are times of support and responsiveness to the child’s needs, but at other times, they are cold, insensitive, or emotionally unavailable.

For example, one time when you were angry as a child, your parent reassured you and talked you through your difficult feelings, but the next time it happened, they dismissed you and told you to ‘get over it.’

The child may become confused about their relationship with a caregiver, sending mixed signals.

This inconsistency can make it difficult for the child to understand what their parent’s behavior means and what kind of response to expect, resulting in insecurity and anxiety.

3. Caregiver’s ‘emotional hunger’

This is where caregivers seek emotional or physical closeness with the child for the purpose of satisfying their own needs.

Because of this, they are neglecting the child’s emotional and physical needs.

These caregivers may appear intrusive and preoccupied with their child’s life and can be overprotective. They may replace the actual love and affection of their child with using the child to feed their own needs.

For example, your mother insists on being involved in all your activities with your school friends, wanting to know every detail, and gets upset when you are apart.

She tells you that you are her ‘best friend in the whole world.’ As a result, you choose to spend most of your free time with your mother and feel guilty for spending time with others.

The child, therefore, does not get their needs met and may put everyone else’s needs above their own as this is what they have been used to.

4. Anxious caregivers

Commonly, children with an anxious attachment style are likely to have parents who are also anxiously attached.

This is likely not due to genetic factors; rather, it is a continuation of behavioral patterns repeated throughout generations.

Moreover, without management, the anxiously attached child may grow up to have their own children who are anxiously attached.

For example, your father does not like to do activities alone and will become distressed if he is left by himself and tends to be clingy with others.

You assume this is typical behavior, and as a result, you also do not want to do activities alone.

Anxious Attachment in Romantic and Sexual Relationships

In adulthood, anxious attachment profoundly influences romantic relationships.

Anxious adults often hold negative self-views combined with positive yet apprehensive views of their attachment figures.

They crave emotional support, closeness, and reassurance from their romantic partners.

Impact on Romantic Relationships:

Early Stages: Anxious attachers tend to “go from 0 to 100” very quickly in early dating, seeking intense connection to eliminate uncertainty.
They struggle immensely with slow-moving stages, uncertainty, and the possibility that their partner might be dating others or not prioritizing them. This triggers their “worthiness wounds”.
Conflating Sex and Love: Anxiously attached people, especially women, tend to conflate sex and love, equating gratifying sexual experiences with a sense of being loved, valued, and protected.
Conversely, disappointing sexual experiences can be interpreted as signs of disapproval or impending abandonment
Conflict: Anxious attachment can exacerbate relational conflict. Bowlby anticipated that encounters with attachment figures that evoke conflict are powerful sources of anxiety and depression, as they touch upon an individual’s basic sense of self-worth and capacity for being cherished.
The intensity of emotion in close relationships can activate early, forgotten wishes and disappointments from childhood, integrating them into present-day behavior and expectations, which Bowlby called the “risks of intimacy”.
Dissatisfying Relationships: Highly anxious individuals may be involved in stable but ultimately dissatisfying romantic relationships.
They may exaggerate adversities, become obsessed with abandonment thoughts, and display intense negative emotions. They often question whether their partners can be relied upon for comfort and support.

Impact on Sexual Intimacy:

Complex Approach: Anxious attachment is associated with a complex, ambivalent approach to sex. They are drawn to sex as a route to closeness and intimacy, using it to fulfill unmet needs for security and love, and to reduce fears of abandonment.
They may equate gratifying sexual experiences with feeling loved and protected, which temporarily soothes their fears.
Focus on Affection over Eroticism: Anxious adults often focus on affection and sex as “proof of love” rather than on the erotic aspects of sexuality.
Risky Sexual Behavior: Attachment anxiety can interfere with safe sex practices, leading to negative beliefs about condoms, less condom use, lower perceived risk of STIs, and higher rates of unplanned pregnancy. Their desire for closeness and merger can lead them to risk their own and their partners’ health.
Sexual Spiral: A common dynamic in anxious-avoidant pairings is the “anxious avoidant sexual spiral,” a pursue-withdraw dynamic applied to sex.
In the early stages, there’s often strong sexual emphasis and intense chemistry, which feels great for both partners. The anxious partner feels wanted, and the avoidant partner enjoys the intimacy.

However, as the relationship becomes more serious, the avoidant partner tends to pull away sexually, triggering the anxious partner’s fears.
Carryover of Relational Worries: Anxious people’s relational worries often extend into the sexual realm, causing doubts about sexual self-confidence and potentially leading to conflicts, accepting unwanted sex, or using coercive tactics.

Triggers of Anxious Attachment

In romantic relationships, anxious attachment can be triggered by the actions or perceived actions of a partner.

When triggered, someone with an anxious attachment style may become immediately emotional, jumping to worst-case scenarios about abandonment.

They may demand constant reassurance from their partner, become clingy, or act out to regain closeness.

Since they may have difficulties regulating their emotions, they can appear overly dramatic or cry as a way to communicate their needs.

Some ways in which anxious attachment can be triggered include:

Inconsistency and contrast – Anxiously attached people are hypersensitive to inconsistency, particularly the contrast between moments of connection and disconnection.

Moving from a state of closeness to one of perceived disconnection (e.g., a partner being quiet or withdrawn after a good weekend) feels like a sudden shift from total safety to extreme danger, triggering disarray and a sense of powerlessness
Perceived distance or distraction – e.g., your partner suddenly has more work responsibilities and spends time at home answering emails.
Forgetfulness – e.g., your partner forgets that it is your anniversary or forgets to pick you up an item from the shop that you requested.
Not paying attention – e.g., your partner spends a lot of time on their phone when you’re together, or you get a new haircut, but your partner fails to notice anything new.
Not receiving enough attention – e.g., your partner spends a lot of their free time socializing with friends instead of you.
Getting into arguments – e.g., you argue with your partner about how they haven’t washed the dishes, and you end up reacting by shouting and crying.
Having trust broken – e.g., you find out that your partner lied about where they were last night.

These triggers can result in the anxiously attached person feeling even more insecure about their relationship and being filled with more self-doubt.

Healing Anxious Attachment

It may not always be possible to heal an anxious attachment style, but there are some ways in which it can be managed to help you feel more secure in their relationships.

1. Practice awareness (identify triggers)

If you have an anxious attachment, you may be more likely to have automatic responses to negativity.

However, gaining an awareness of these automatic responses can help you think of a healthier way to respond.

Take time to think about how you feel in a moment and what thoughts come up. Be aware of these thoughts and the meaning that is given to these thoughts. Then, you can consider the best way to respond.

If you feel that you find this difficult, you could even remove yourself from the situation before responding. Go for a walk to gather your thoughts before returning to the situation.

It’s especially helpful to practice being aware of how you interact in relationships to avoid hurting someone’s feelings.

Let’s say your partner is late coming home from work one evening without calling or texting you. You immediately have the thought, “They don’t care about me or respect my time.” This makes you feel angry and hurt.

Instead of reacting right away, pause and try to identify the trigger. Recognize that your anxiety about their lack of communication is triggering an automatic negative assumption.

Dr. Nadine Macaluso has several worksheets on attachment styles and how to heal for better relationships on her website.

2. Regulate your nervous system

Triggered anxious attachment can put you into fight, flight, or freeze mode.

In this state, you cannot think clearly and are more likely to act on impulses. The best method of tackling this is to change your physiology.

Take some time to pause and breathe. You could even place your hands on your belly to connect with the breath. This will send a signal to the brain that you are safe.

When feeling anxious, it can also help to do something grounding so you feel less stuck in your thoughts. Doing exercise, yoga, getting a massage, or going for a walk in nature can help you to feel grounded.

“The first step is learning how to begin to identify your own needs well: what do I want in this situation, what would feel right for me, how do I feel in my body about this decision, does this feel like a good regulated decision or am I just sort of like a ping pong ball reacting?”

Dr Kim Sage, Clinical Psychologist

A key healing step is to practice validating your own experiences, fears, concerns, worries, desires, needs, preferences, and requests

This means recognising, “Yes, I feel this way, and it makes sense that I feel this way”

It’s about staying grounded in what you know to be true for yourself, without needing external confirmation or approval from others, especially from those who might be causing discomfor

3. Building self-worth and trust in yourself

Anxiously attached individuals often seek frequent and ongoing reassurance from their partners to manage fears and insecurities, but this external reassurance often provides only a temporary fix and doesn’t address the underlying wound.

This externalisation of worth means that their entire identity can be handed over to the relationship, making the idea of being single or a relationship ending very daunting.

Rather than measuring yourself by others’ approval, practice affirming your strengths, talents, and efforts.

Keep a running list of personal accomplishments – big or small—and review it whenever you feel inadequate.

Expand your tolerance for uncertainty

Practice “leaning into” discomfort. Notice when you crave certainty—about plans, outcomes, or relationships—and deliberately allow for ambiguity. For instance, if you find yourself replaying texts for hidden meanings, pause and remind yourself, “I can handle not knowing right now.”
Build confidence through exposure. Gradually introduce low-stakes situations that challenge your need for control—try a new activity without detailed planning, or leave a weekend unscheduled. Each time you survive the unknown, your trust in yourself deepens.
Reframe doubt as information, not danger. Instead of interpreting uncertainty as a threat, view it as feedback about what matters to you. Ask, “What is this discomfort telling me about my values?” and use that insight to guide your choices without panicking.

3. Reparent your inner child

Often, it can be beneficial to heal your inner child who first experienced an anxious attachment with a caregiver.

This can be done by giving yourself the love, support, and kindness you did not receive as a child.

Be compassionate with yourself, forgive yourself for mistakes, check in with, and comfort yourself if this is what you need.

You can think of this as treating yourself like you would show kindness to an innocent child.

“If you could go back in time and … bring your wisdom and your heart to yourself as a nine-year-old girl, what would you say to her?”

Dr. Diane Poole Heller, Attachment and Trauma Expert

Let’s say you notice your partner seems distracted and less affectionate lately. Your inner child immediately thinks, “They don’t love me anymore.”

Pause and tell yourself gently, “It’s okay; I know that thought is scary, but we don’t know what’s going on yet. Let’s talk to them before assuming the worst.” Then reassure yourself, “No matter what, I’ll be okay. I’m strong and lovable.”

By reparenting with care instead of reacting from fear, you can have a constructive conversation and address the situation calmly.

There are several books to help reparent your inner child, such as the book, ‘Inner Child’ by Tiffany Trieu, which offers journalling activities and reflective practices to help heal from difficult parenting.

4. Challenge your thoughts

When experiencing negative thought patterns, remind yourself that while they seem real, the thoughts are not necessarily true.

Do not believe every negative thought you have and instead try to challenge them when they come up.

When self-doubt or harsh judgments arise, treat them like a worried child in need of reassurance.

Speak to yourself with the same kindness you’d offer a friend: “I see you’re scared of failing, but you’ve handled tough situations before.”

Consider what solid evidence there is that your thoughts are true and whether there is a more likely explanation.

For example, if you have the thought, ‘My partner is going to abandon me because I am unworthy,’ try to provide evidence for and against this claim.

You may come to find that your partner has given you no reason to believe this, and if they were going to abandon you, then they would have done so a long time ago!

“It’s really challenging those thoughts and also trying to find facts to back this up … when you see something, let’s say your boyfriend didn’t answer or the guy you’re dating didn’t answer you… he could have a work meeting that day; maybe it’s a different schedule.”

Sabrina Zohar, Dating Coach

You can use guidance from CBT worksheets to help guide you through challenging your thoughts.

5. Challenging Unhelpful Relationship Patterns

Anxious attachment often drives us into familiar—but unhealthy—dynamics.

As you cultivate security, begin to recognize and disrupt these patterns so you can relate more authentically.

Let Go of the “Game”

Stop strategizing for approval or playing emotional detective.
Instead of decoding others’ reactions and adjusting yourself to fit, get crystal-clear on your own values and needs.
When you know who you are and what you want, relationships shift from performance-based to genuinely mutual—and people stay because they choose to, not because you chased them.

Face the Fear of Abandonment

A core anxiety is that breakups will feel unbearable. This can keep you stuck in unhappy partnerships or replaying the past.
Practice sitting with discomfort rather than immediately seeking reconnection. Notice when you’re ruminating or bargaining with yourself to “just try one more time.”
Building tolerance for uncertainty is key: journal about your fears, talk them through with a therapist or friend, and remind yourself that being alone doesn’t equal being unworthy.

Release the “Savior Complex”

Helping others can be noble, but rescuing a partner in need often perpetuates imbalance and codependency.
Notice when you feel drawn to “fix” someone’s problems—that impulse usually masks a bid for connection.
Redirect your compassion outward: volunteer, support friends, or invest in self-improvement projects. When you’re fulfilled on your own, you can enter relationships as an equal, not a healer.

6. Externalize your feelings

Letting go of your thoughts and putting them into something meaningful can be a healthy way to manage strong emotions. This could be expressed through creating artwork, movement, or music.

Keeping a journal is a helpful method for getting out your emotions, and it may help you recognize some patterns in your thoughts and behaviors.

You could even journal from the perspective of your inner child, writing down why they are sad and what they need.

You can then write from the perspective of an empowered adult self to pass on wisdom, healing, and advice to the inner child.

The way in which you express your emotions does not have to be neat or coherent; even if you just scribble down words on a piece of paper, it can be enough to put a label on what you are feeling.

7. Take responsibility in the relationship

As you grow more secure in yourself, you’ll naturally strengthen your “responsibility-taking muscle” and establish healthier emotional and energetic boundaries.

This means learning to distinguish between what you can—and should—manage, versus what belongs to someone else.

If you tend toward anxiety, you may feel compelled to “fix” your partner’s withdrawal or mood swings to soothe your own discomfort.

True healing involves resisting that urge: you can’t control another person’s feelings, and attempting to do so only frustrates both of you.

Own your feelings. Your partner isn’t responsible for your anxiety. Acknowledge your emotions, and develop healthy coping strategies—whether that’s journaling, talking with a friend, or practicing mindfulness—so you can face your fears without leaning on your partner to calm you.
Give space. Trust isn’t built overnight. Instead of smothering your partner or making demands for reassurance, allow them the freedom to think, feel, and recharge on their own.

8. Building Healthy Boundaries

Dating coach Sabrina Zohar recommends auditing where you might overgive or self-sacrifice in your relationship.

Healing requires actively prioritizing your own well-being – even if it feels “selfish” at first.

Identify overcommitments. Notice when you’re saying “yes” out of guilt or fear of displeasing your partner.
Practice saying “no.” Start small—turn down a request that would leave you drained. A respectful “I’m sorry, I can’t take that on right now” is a powerful boundary.
Reinvest in yourself. Use the time and energy you reclaim to nurture your interests, friendships, and self-care routines.

By clearly defining what you are—and aren’t—responsible for, and by loving yourself enough to protect your time and energy, you’ll foster deeper trust and security in your relationship.

9. Practice mindful communication

You can prepare yourself for meaningful conversations ahead of time by exploring nonviolent communication.

This can help you to approach the conversation with honesty as well as kindness so you can make requests without coming across as needy or controlling.

Dr Marshall Rosenberg’s book ‘Nonviolent Communication: A Language of Life’ provides guidance for expressing your needs to your partner in an empathetic and healthy way.

10. Consider therapy

If you need extra support with your anxious attachment style, you can seek help from a therapist.

Through therapy, you can learn to recognize your attachment patterns, examine your feelings about yourself and learn to approach relationships with others healthily.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a therapy that focuses on identifying and replacing negative thought patterns and behaviors with healthier ones.

Interpersonal therapy (IPT) helps individuals improve their interpersonal relationships and social interactions.

Also, psychodynamic psychotherapy helps people to focus on unconscious emotional dynamics and can help to examine how attachment styles may present in the therapy relationship itself.

11. Self-acceptance

Having an anxious attachment style is not something to feel ashamed of or defective over.

While the anxieties and intense fears of abandonment can feel painful, this attachment style also has positive qualities.

People with anxious styles tend to be very caring, empathetic partners who desire closeness and intimacy. Their heightened sensitivity helps them tune into others’ feelings and needs.

Rather than judging yourself, accept that your attachment style developed as an adaptation to your life experiences.

“Honor that parts of this style are really beautiful; they’re about being loving and being a good caretaker and being mindful of other people… you’re probably overly sensitive to the world and to others, but there is a beauty in that.”

Dr Kim Sage, Clinical Psychologist

With self-awareness and commitment, you can modify unhealthy relational patterns and develop a more secure attachment over time. The key is being patient with yourself and believing you are worthy of love.

Relationships with Anxiously Attached Adults

Anxious attachment style in romantic relationships can lead to intense stress for both the anxious person and their partner, often resulting in a cycle where anxious individuals may form relationships with avoidant partners.

Anxious attachment impacts relationships in the following ways:

Clinginess: Anxious individuals tend to become fixated and desire fast commitment, struggling with long-distance relationships.
Excessive preoccupation: Anxious individuals may obsess over their partner, projecting idealized expectations and elevating anxiety levels.
Fear of rejection: Anxious individuals constantly worry about losing their partner and blame themselves for any perceived rejection.
Constant reassurance-seeking: Anxious individuals have a strong need for reassurance, which can strain the relationship.
Emotional instability: Anxious individuals experience emotional ups and downs, making the relationship feel unpredictable and stressful.
Feeling underappreciated: Anxious individuals often feel unappreciated and may accuse their partner of being untrustworthy if their emotional needs are not consistently met.

Two people with anxious attachment styles can date, but this may present unique challenges that require extra effort and understanding from both partners.

How can I support someone with an anxious attachment?

To support someone with anxious attachment, consider the following approaches:

Communicate openly and frequently. Keep them informed about your thoughts, feelings, and plans to reduce their anxiety about the unknown.
Be patient and understanding. Recognize that their anxious behaviors stem from past experiences, not a desire to be difficult.
Establish and maintain clear boundaries. This helps create a sense of stability and predictability in the relationship.
Encourage their independence. Support their personal growth and interests outside the relationship.
Encourage healthy coping mechanisms: Support them in developing healthy coping mechanisms, such as exercise, meditation, or spending time with friends.
Be reliable and keep your promises: Follow through consistently on what you say you’ll do to build trust. Consistency helps build trust and security.
Practice active listening. Show that you hear and understand their concerns without judgment.

Remember, supporting someone with anxious attachment requires patience and commitment, but can lead to a stronger, more secure relationship over time.

How can I communicate my needs to a partner with anxious attachment?

Here are some tips for communicating your needs to a partner with an anxious attachment:

Be Clear and Direct: Avoid beating around the bush. Clearly express your needs and feelings in a calm and assertive manner.
Use “I” Statements: Focus on your own feelings and experiences rather than blaming your partner. For example, instead of saying, “You always ignore me,” say, “When you don’t respond to my texts, I feel ignored.”
Validate Their Feelings: Acknowledge their emotions, even if you don’t agree with them. This can help them feel understood and less anxious.
Reassure Them: Let your partner know that you are committed to the relationship and that you value them.
Set Boundaries: It’s important to establish healthy boundaries to protect your own needs and well-being.

The key is to communicate clearly and compassionately while reinforcing your commitment to the relationship.

Can Attachment Styles be Changed?

Sometimes change can happen when someone who is anxiously attached is in a relationship with someone who is securely attached.

Having a partner who has a secure attachment style can facilitate emotional closeness and a sense of calmness and stability for the anxiously attached. This could help to shift their perception and develop new patterns of thinking and behavior.

Being aware of and making a conscious effort to change negative behavioral patterns can make someone more mindful of how they act in relationships with others.

It is important to recognize that the past does not have to predict the present and future experiences.

Although it may not always be possible to change an attachment type that has been present since childhood, anxiously attached individuals can work to feel more secure in themselves and their relationships.

It is not an easy and passive process and will require much conscious effort and self-awareness.

How can I identify my attachment style?

To identify your attachment style, consider the following key characteristics:

Secure attachment

I feel comfortable expressing my emotions and thoughts to others
I am comfortable depending on others for help when necessary
I can maintain a healthy balance between intimacy and independence in relationships
I feel comfortable being vulnerable with my partner
I respect my partner’s needs and boundaries and am comfortable setting my own

Anxious attachment

I worry whether people like me or not
I rely heavily on my partner’s approval and validation to feel good about myself
I often use physical closeness (like hugging) to reduce my anxiety in relationships
I often feel that I’m not good enough to be in my relationship and question why my partner would want to be with me
I become highly emotionally reactive when my partner is not available

Avoidant attachment

I feel uncomfortable when others try to get emotionally close to me
I prioritize self-reliance over seeking emotional support from others
I find it difficult to trust others completely
I value my independence more than close relationships
I tend to downplay or suppress my emotions

Fearful-avoidant attachment

You have conflicting desires for closeness and distance
Your behavior in relationships may be unpredictable
You may have trouble regulating emotions
I need control and security in my relationships, but I don’t know how to achieve this
I generally have a negative view of myself and others
My relationships tend to have many extreme highs and lows.
The person I want to go to for safety is often the same person I’m frightened to be close to
I tend to create drama in my relationships without intending to

Fearful-avoidant attachment is often rooted in childhood trauma or inconsistent caregiving. People with this attachment style typically want close relationships but fear being hurt or rejected.

This leads to push-pull behaviors and emotional turbulence in relationships.

If you identify with these traits, working with a therapist specializing in attachment issues can be helpful in developing more secure attachment patterns and healthier relationships.

To get a more accurate assessment, you could:

Take a validated attachment style questionnaire
Reflect on your relationship patterns and behaviors
Consult with a mental health professional

Remember, attachment styles can change over time with self-awareness and effort.

Further Information

References

Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Lawrence Erlbaum.

Baldwin, M.W., & Fehr, B. (1995). On the instability of attachment style ratings. Personal Relationships, 2, 247-261.

Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L.M. (1991). Attachment Styles Among Young Adults: A Test of a Four-Category Model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61 (2), 226–244.

Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss: Volume I. Attachment. London: Hogarth Press.

Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (p. 46–76). The Guilford Press.

Brennan, K. A., & Shaver, P. R. (1995). Dimensions of adult attachment, affect regulation, and romantic relationship functioning. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21 (3), 267–283.

Caron, A., Lafontaine, M., Bureau, J., Levesque, C., and Johnson, S.M. (2012). Comparisons of Close Relationships: An Evaluation of Relationship Quality and Patterns of Attachment to Parents, Friends, and Romantic Partners in Young Adults. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 44 (4), 245-256.

Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52 (3), 511–524.

Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (2017). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. In Interpersonal development (pp. 283-296). Routledge.

Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. In I. Bretherton & E. Waters (Eds.), Growing points of attachment theory and research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50 (1-2), 66-104.

Main, M., & Solomon, J. (1986). Discovery of an insecure-disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern. In T. B. Brazelton & M. W. Yogman (Eds.), Affective development in infancy. Ablex Publishing.

Waters, E., Merrick, S., Treboux, D., Crowell, J., & Albersheim, L. (2000). Attachment security in infancy and early adulthood: A twenty-year longitudinal study. Child Development, 71 (3), 684-689.

Download