ADHD Mood Swings

ADHD mood swings can be characterized as swift and unexpected mood alterations (either positive or negative) in reaction to environmental stimuli, events, and/or people.

They tend to last for less time than the mood swings of conditions such as bipolar disorder, and they can happen repeatedly and frequently. The diagnostic manual separates same-day mood changes in ADHD from the multi-day episodes of bipolar disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 2022).

On average, children and adults who have ADHD show more emotional lability, or quick shifts between feelings, than their peers (Beheshti et al., 2020; Graziano & Garcia, 2016).

Emotional dysregulation is not a diagnostic criterion for ADHD. The current diagnostic manual does name it as an associated feature, a trait that commonly goes with the condition (American Psychiatric Association, 2022).

Why ADHD Mood Swings Feel So Intense

Four things mostly drive the intensity, and they link back to other characteristics of ADHD.

Emotional dysregulation is a big challenge for many ADHD people. It makes it difficult to manage feelings and reactions across a vast array of situations (Shaw, Stringaris, Nigg & Leibenluft, 2014).

This, coupled with impulsive tendencies (Winstanley, Eagle & Robbins, 2006) and heightened quick reactivity, increase challenges around mood swings and intense emotional expressions.

Heightened sensitivity may also intensify mood swings. In a survey of 234 people, more ADHD traits went with more self-reported sensory processing problems (Panagiotidi, Overton & Stafford, 2018). In an overstimulating setting, such as a noisy office, an emotional reaction may be harder to manage.

Lastly, other ADHD symptoms such as poor organization, time management, and task switching can increase irritability, feelings of overwhelm, and overall life stress, further amplifying mood swing intensity.

How Common Are ADHD Mood Swings?

Studies tend to measure the wider pattern of emotional dysregulation instead of mood swings alone.

A major review put impairing emotional dysregulation at roughly 25–45% of children and 30–70% of adults who have ADHD (Shaw et al., 2014). Many do not reach that level.

Two meta-analyses, which pool results from many studies, found large differences. Across 77 studies, children who have ADHD scored well above other children on emotional reactivity and lability (d = 0.95; Graziano & Garcia, 2016).

In 13 studies of adults, the difference was also large (g = 1.17), though the studies disagreed greatly (Beheshti et al., 2020). Group averages say little about any one person.

Few studies compare emotional dysregulation by sex, so less is known about how it differs for women and men who have ADHD.

Is Emotional Dysregulation a Core Part of ADHD?

Researchers disagree. The clinical psychologist Russell Barkley argues that deficient emotional self-regulation belongs at the center of ADHD, alongside inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity. Others hold that emotional symptoms are too common in other conditions to serve as diagnostic criteria.

Reviewers have set out three possibilities: a core feature of ADHD, a distinct subgroup, or a correlated but separate dimension (Shaw et al., 2014).

A later review found no consensus (Faraone et al., 2019). Adult data show that emotional dysregulation and ADHD severity travel together (r = 0.54; Beheshti et al., 2020).

That alone cannot show dysregulation is part of what ADHD is, because separate dimensions that correlate would produce the same data. The adult meta-analysis authors concluded it is core, which goes further than their pooled data show.

What are the Signs of ADHD Mood Swings?

There are several different ways in which ADHD mood swings can manifest, but some commonalities in signs do exist: 

• Quick Shifts: Rapid changes in feelings that lead to frequent outbursts, impulsive expressions, and overreactions.
• Overstimulation: Feeling overstimulated in certain situations or environments.
• Changed Plans: Frequent changes of plan as a direct result of a mood swing, such as wanting to cancel or alter what was agreed.
• Irritability: Low frustration tolerance, difficulty waiting, and a quick decline in mood if things do not go as planned.
• Conflict: Difficulty managing frustration, which can lead to further aggravation or even conflict.
• High Energy: Periods of high energy that can last a few hours.
• Intense Emotions: Heightened excitability or meltdowns. These can fall at either end of the scale, so positive and negative emotions can both be present.

Researchers have also measured these shifts as they happen. Parents and 27 children aged 8 to 12 who have ADHD rated the child’s mood three times a day for 28 days (Rosen & Factor, 2015).

More impulsive shifting of mood went with more emotional and behavioral difficulties. Parents and children both reported the link.

A second study looked at emotional impulsivity, meaning quick, unrestrained reactions to feelings. It found greater and more variable impairment in children who have ADHD and showed more of it (Walerius et al., 2018). Both studies came from one laboratory. They are not independent support.

What do ADHD Mood Swings Feel Like? 

People may either switch emotions entirely, e.g., from being happy to sad, very quickly, or they can have rapid changes in intensity, e.g., from annoyed to very angry. It can also be challenging to regain emotional stability following a mood swing.

Alice described her personal experience with this as “Sometimes you wake up and you’re on top of the world, and only one thing happens which is actually quite small, and suddenly you’re down as hell” (Schrevel, Dedding, van Aken & Broerse, 2016).

Participants in a focus-group study of 43 young adults who have ADHD described emotions that go “from zero to one hundred” (Ginapp et al., 2023).

They knew the reaction was extreme for something small. One compared the build-up to a lit match, with the nerves acting as the fuse.

The experience is not the same for everyone:

• Delayed: Some felt little at the time and were overwhelmed hours later.
• Hidden: Others looked calm while feeling intense emotion inside.
• Absent: Three participants did not feel ADHD made their emotions intense.

These changes can be so quick and frequent that they lead to feelings of stress, overwhelm, and burnout. Some people also feel unable to control their own body, especially when impulsive decisions follow directly from a mood swing.

Frustration over the situation is common, coupled with exhaustion both emotionally and mentally. 

What Can Cause Mood Swings in ADHD?

ADHD mood swings do not have a single attributable cause but they are more of a collection of neurobiological and environmental factors working together to generate and sustain them.

Let us discuss some of the most common causes of mood swings in ADHD:

• Heightened Emotional Response: Reactions, often linked to rejection sensitivity, that can be out of proportion to what caused them.
• Difficulty Focusing: Trouble keeping attention can bring frustration, overwhelm, and lower moods.
• Feeling ‘Different’: Struggling to fit a neurotypical world can cause distress, and masking can be draining.
• Brain Circuits: Differences in how emotional signals are registered and regulated may make reactions quicker and stronger.
• Co-occurring Conditions: Anxiety, depression, and other conditions can add their own mood changes.
• Medication: Dose, timing, and individual response can sometimes affect mood.

Heightened emotional response 

Rejection Sensitive Dysphoria (RSD) is the name many people give to an intense emotional reaction to perceived rejection or criticism, which can be disproportionate to what caused it.

For example, your partner has taken a bit longer to do a task you asked and as a result, you got very angry and lashed out at them.

Such struggles with emotional dysregulation are common in the ADHD population (Shaw, Stringaris, Nigg & Leibenluft, 2014). RSD is a popular label. Researchers still debate whether it is a distinct construct, and it has not been measured separately.

In written accounts, adults who have ADHD described criticism lowering their sense of worth, and one comment could leave some devastated for days (Beaton et al., 2022a).

Difficulty focusing 

Difficulty focusing is common in ADHD (Barkley, 1997). It can make paying and maintaining attention harder, and some people find this leads to frustration and mood swings.

Researchers have not directly tested that route. The closest evidence comes from tasks designed to frustrate children (Shaw et al., 2014). Those with ADHD showed more negative emotion and temper outbursts.

For example, trouble focusing during a lecture can quickly lead to intense frustration. It can fade just as quickly once the lecture ends.

This constant shift in focus and inability to stay on track may also trigger feelings of overwhelm and stress, resulting in mood fluctuations.

Constantly being unable to focus when required can also lead to frustration with one’s self-perception and personal capabilities. This could make someone with ADHD frequently feel lower moods.

Feeling ‘different’ 

People with ADHD can struggle to fit into a neurotypical world, oftentimes feeling different or that they do not belong.

This struggle of assimilating to societal norms and expectations can understandably lead to emotional distress, vulnerability, and intense feelings.

Two examples show how this plays out:

• Social Cues: Challenges in picking up social cues can make socializing more effortful. This can lead to mood swings, such as sudden sadness, disappointment, or anger at people.
• Masking: Hiding ADHD traits to avoid coming across as neurodiverse can become emotionally draining and result in mood changes.

Brain circuits and emotion

Researchers separate two processes. Bottom-up processes decide how strongly an emotional signal is registered. Top-down processes decide how attention and control are used once emotion is aroused (Shaw et al., 2014).

Imaging studies point to the amygdala, which detects emotionally significant events, and to prefrontal regions that regulate the response. Results are mixed, and many studies are small.

In 63 children diagnosed with ADHD, stronger amygdala connectivity with the rostral anterior cingulate cortex went with higher parent-rated lability (Hulvershorn et al., 2014). Those with ADHD and low lability did not differ significantly from typically developing children.

The brain difference may therefore track the emotional difficulty more than ADHD itself. The study cannot show which came first.

Waiting may also be harder. On average, people who have ADHD show a moderately stronger preference for small, immediate rewards over larger, delayed ones (Shaw et al., 2014). That may help explain why queues, delays, and boring tasks are such reliable triggers of frustration.

Comorbid conditions 

Certain comorbid conditions, meaning additional conditions that exist alongside ADHD, can raise the intensity of mood swings. Their combined characteristics can escalate each other.

Some common ones are:

• Anxiety disorders: Often co-occur with ADHD (Tannock, 2000).
• Depression: Often co-occurs with ADHD (Biederman, 2004).
• Intermittent explosive disorder (IED): Recurrent aggressive outbursts that are out of proportion to the provocation, reported alongside ADHD (Gnanavel, Sharma, Kaushal & Hussain, 2019).
• Bipolar disorder: 19.4% of adults who have ADHD in one US survey met its criteria in the past year, against 3.1% without ADHD (Kessler et al., 2006).

Depression, for example, can amplify the rejection sensitivity and upset over criticism that some people who have ADHD experience. The result can be stronger sadness and negative self-perceptions.

Such conditions often have their own mood swings, so co-occurrence can intensify them. These rates show that the conditions travel together, not that one causes the other’s mood swings.

Medication

ADHD medication can greatly help many people manage everyday challenges. On average, it reduces emotional dysregulation. In adults, a meta-analysis of 21 double-blind trials found small to moderate effects (Lenzi et al., 2018).

For some people, medication can also bring mood swings as a side effect. A review noted that some amphetamine preparations increased irritability and lability (Shaw et al., 2014).

Everyone reacts differently. Dose, other medicines, and the time it takes to adjust may all raise the chance of mood swings, but research on this is thin.

Changes in neurotransmitter levels, such as dopamine, are often suggested as a cause, but this remains a hypothesis. The research cited for it reviews dopamine and glutamate in ADHD and adds data from two rodent models (Miller, Thomas, Gerhardt & Glaser, 2013).

Age may matter too. In a placebo-controlled trial of methylphenidate in 32 preschool children, the authors suggested that side effects may differ from those of school-age children (Firestone et al., 1998).

Mood changes and anxiety were the examples given. The study did not compare children with adults.

Managing Mood Swings

Learning to regulate emotions, and the actions that follow them, can benefit well-being, relationships, and life overall.

The advice below comes mainly from clinical practice. Few strategies have been tested against mood swings in people who have ADHD, so treat them as options to try.

Let us discuss a few ways someone with ADHD can manage their mood swings:

Learn the triggers 

Learning your triggers is a great starting point. It shows you in which situations to apply coping strategies, which to avoid if possible, and which are more manageable.

Ways you can begin to explore this are:

• Journal: Document any mood swings and when they happen.
• Other People’s Views: Ask trusted relatives, friends, or loved ones when they have noticed emotional fluctuations.
• Mood Tracking: Use technology, such as mood-tracking apps, or a simple mood chart to monitor your moods.
• Labeling: Label the feeling, as the next paragraphs explain.

By labeling the feeling you are taking a step back from the emotionality of the situation and trying to use more conscious rational thinking in explaining how you feel.

Think of it as zooming out to see the bigger picture, instead of focusing on one isolated mood swing.

In a brain-imaging experiment, putting a label on negative images reduced activity in the amygdala (Lieberman et al., 2007). The study was not about ADHD.

Labeling may take more practice with ADHD, because emotion labeling scores were moderately lower in a pooled analysis (Shaw et al., 2014). Its effect on mood swings in ADHD is untested.

Increasing emotional awareness may take time and practice but in the long run, it can help you to manage further mood escalations and impulsive decision-making.

Feel free to keep a journal with all your reflections, as it can help you look back and see your progress as well.

Grounding exercises 

Grounding exercises help you become more aware and present in the current moment, which may help calm intense emotions. Examples include controlled breathing, meditation, and mindfulness activities.

The evidence is early. In a small study, adults who have ADHD and took an eight-week mindful awareness program reported lower depression and anxiety scores than adults who did not (Bueno et al., 2015). Participants chose whether to join. It did not measure anger or emotion regulation.

A 2025 meta-analysis of 10 controlled studies found that mindfulness improved self-reported ADHD symptoms in adults (Kim & Jung, 2025). Negative affect did not change significantly.

Because individuals with ADHD have a tendency towards hyperactivity, it can be beneficial to engage in activities that promote stillness. This allows you to redirect your attention to grounding activities that bring you into the present moment, such as art.

These activities may be unfamiliar to many, so give them a fair chance. Do not give up after one attempt. Try them several times before deciding whether they work for you.

Self-care and self-compassion 

Ensuring you are practicing both self-care and self-compassion is key in ensuring you give yourself the time and space to decompress.

Four things can help:

• You Are Not Alone: Mood swings are part of ADHD and a common struggle, so you are not isolated in this experience.
• Be Kind About Reactions: Mood swings can feel frustrating, but we should not beat ourselves up for intense emotional reactions.
• Choose Self-Care: Pick activities that feel best for you, such as walking, baking, or drawing, and show yourself some understanding.
• Release Tension: Your body may feel tense during a mood swing, so consider a massage to relieve pent-up stress and knotted muscles.

Self-compassion, meaning kindness toward yourself, appears to matter. In a survey of 543 adults who have ADHD and 313 who do not, low self-compassion partly accounted for the ADHD group’s poorer mental health (Beaton et al., 2022b). The survey was cross-sectional, so it cannot show which came first.

Shifting focus 

Shifting focus can help take your attention off of the situation that has led to the mood swing and redirect your energy into something more deescalating instead.

Try switching your energy to another activity you usually find stimulating, such as a YouTube video, music, or a video game.

Move your attention away from why the mood swing happened. Let go of who is to blame. If your emotions have already escalated, ruminating may only raise how intensely you feel.

This does not mean ignoring your emotions completely. The aim is only to calm their intensity in the moment.

A meta-analysis of 306 emotion regulation experiments found that distraction helped (d+ = 0.27), but concentrating on the emotion did not (d+ = -0.26) (Webb et al., 2012).

Turning attention away may take more effort in ADHD. Emotional material made attention tasks harder for people who have ADHD than for others (Shaw et al., 2014).

Taking breaks 

Allowing yourself to take breaks when needed is also part of taking care of yourself and ensuring you give time to calm down and regain emotional stamina.

Three ideas for your break:

• Pleasant Activities: Focus on activities that lower your stress and make you happy. It looks different for everyone, so start by listing what brings you positive and secure feelings.
• Helpful Technology: Use apps that remind you to take a break, hydrate, or send motivational quotes throughout the day.
• Rest: Use the time to do something productive for yourself, decompress, or let your brain relax.

Physical exercise 

Exercise may help you let off steam. In a randomized trial, 12 weeks of before-school aerobic activity reduced parent-rated moodiness at home in young children. The group included 94 children at risk of ADHD and 108 typically developing children (Hoza et al., 2015).

A systematic review of 30 studies in children and adolescents concluded that physical activity was a beneficial and well-tolerated intervention for ADHD (Ng et al., 2017). Tai Chi has been tested too (Hernandez-Reif et al., 2001).

Whether exercise helps mood swings in adults who have ADHD has not been tested.

Identify if lower or higher-intensity workouts are the best fit for you, and to get started, you can try some at-home activities first until you find your preference. Consulting a personal trainer is also a good option, especially if you are new to the space of exercising.  

Seek specialist treatment

Lastly, speaking to a professional and seeking specialist treatment can help provide further insight into the whys and hows of your mood swings.

A professional can put a care plan in place. It can include more targeted interventions and strategies for managing mood swings.

Such techniques can focus on when emotions begin to arise, how to diffuse them, and how to deal with the aftermath. The usual treatment routes include therapy, medication, or both.

Three therapies are often suggested, and the evidence for each is still early:

• Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): It reduced core ADHD characteristics across 28 randomized trials, but its emotional outcomes were depression and anxiety (Liu et al., 2023).
• Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT): In 121 adults, group treatment beat usual care on executive function but not on emotion regulation scores (Halmøy et al., 2022).
• Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT): A scoping review found six studies in ADHD and called the evidence preliminary (Munawar et al., 2021).

Evidence Check: What Does the Research Show?

Verdict: Supported with qualifications.

People who have ADHD do show more emotional dysregulation than their peers, and ADHD medication does reduce it. Firm evidence that any skills program reduces it is still missing. Whether dysregulation is a core symptom, meaning a defining feature of ADHD, stays open.

Here is how the main claims stand:

• Group Differences: Two meta-analyses agree in direction, though the adult studies disagreed widely (Graziano & Garcia, 2016; Beheshti et al., 2020).
• Medication: A meta-analysis of 21 adult trials found small to moderate effects on dysregulation, with effect sizes from 0.24 to 0.50 (Lenzi et al., 2018).
• Child Trial: The newest trial found large falls in lability but had no placebo arm, meaning no group received an inactive treatment (Gao et al., 2026).
• Skills Programs: In a preregistered trial of 121 adults, DBT-based group treatment did not significantly beat usual care on an emotion regulation scale (Halmøy et al., 2022).
• Mindfulness: A meta-analysis found no significant effect on negative affect (Kim & Jung, 2025).

For you, that means the strategies above are reasonable to try, not proven fixes. Medication has the most credible support. The positive results for skills programs come from the weakest designs, which is a reason for caution, not proof that they do not work.

FAQs

References

Albesisi, S., & Overton, P. G. (2024). Relationship between ADHD-like traits and emotion dysregulation in the adult general population. Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 8(4), 627–637. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41252-023-00381-y

American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787

Asherson, P., Chen, W., Craddock, B., & Taylor, E. (2007). Adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: recognition and treatment in general adult psychiatry. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 190(1), 4-5.

Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological bulletin, 121(1), 65.

Beaton, D. M., Sirois, F., & Milne, E. (2022a). Experiences of criticism in adults with ADHD: A qualitative study. PLOS ONE, 17(2), e0263366. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263366

Beaton, D. M., Sirois, F., & Milne, E. (2022b). The role of self-compassion in the mental health of adults with ADHD. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 78(12), 2497–2512. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23354

Beheshti, A., Chavanon, M.-L., & Christiansen, H. (2020). Emotion dysregulation in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 20, Article 120. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-2442-7

Ben-Dor Cohen, M., Maeir, A., Eldar, E., & Nahum, M. (2023). Everyday cognitive control and emotion dysregulation in young adults with and without ADHD: An ecological momentary assessment study. Journal of Attention Disorders, 27(5), 539–553. https://doi.org/10.1177/10870547231153934

Biederman, J. (2004). Impact of comorbidity in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of clinical Psychiatry, 65, 3-7.

Bueno, V. F., Kozasa, E. H., da Silva, M. A., Alves, T. M., Louzã, M. R., & Pompéia, S. (2015). Mindfulness meditation improves mood, quality of life, and attention in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. BioMed Research International, 2015, Article 962857. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/962857

Firestone, P., Musten, L. M., Pisterman, S., Mercer, J., & Bennett, S. (1998). Short-term side effects of stimulant medication are increased in preschool children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 8(1), 13-25.

Gao, Y., Wu, Z., Yang, B., Chen, W., Dang, C., Zhu, Y., Pan, M., Dong, M., Li, H., Zhao, M., Yue, X., Guo, H., Fu, S., Su, Y., Wang, Y., Qian, Q., Sun, L., & Liu, L. (2026). The effect of atomoxetine and methylphenidate on emotional dysregulation in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A multicenter randomized clinical trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.70217

Ginapp, C. M., Greenberg, N. R., MacDonald-Gagnon, G., Angarita, G. A., Bold, K. W., & Potenza, M. N. (2023). “Dysregulated not deficit”: A qualitative study on symptomatology of ADHD in young adults. PLOS ONE, 18(10), e0292721. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0292721

Gnanavel, S., Sharma, P., Kaushal, P., & Hussain, S. (2019). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbidity: A review of literature. World journal of clinical cases, 7(17), 2420.

Graziano, P. A., & Garcia, A. (2016). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and children’s emotion dysregulation: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 46, 106–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.04.011

Halmøy, A., Ring, A. E., Gjestad, R., Møller, M., Ubostad, B., Lien, T., Munkhaugen, E. K., & Fredriksen, M. (2022). Dialectical behavioral therapy-based group treatment versus treatment as usual for adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry, 22, Article 738. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-04356-6

Hernandez-Reif, M., Field, T. M., & Thimas, E. (2001). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Benefits from Tai Chi. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 5(2), 120-123.

Hoza, B., Smith, A. L., Shoulberg, E. K., Linnea, K. S., Dorsch, T. E., Blazo, J. A., Alerding, C. M., & McCabe, G. P. (2015). A randomized trial examining the effects of aerobic physical activity on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in young children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43(4), 655–667. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-014-9929-y

Hulvershorn, L. A., Mennes, M., Castellanos, F. X., Di Martino, A., Milham, M. P., Hummer, T. A., & Roy, A. K. (2014). Abnormal amygdala functional connectivity associated with emotional lability in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(3), 351–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.11.012

Kessler, R. C., Adler, L., Barkley, R., Biederman, J., Conners, C. K., Demler, O., Faraone, S. V., Greenhill, L. L., Howes, M. J., Secnik, K., Spencer, T., Ustun, T. B., Walters, E. E., & Zaslavsky, A. M. (2006). The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(4), 716–723. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2006.163.4.716

Kim, H. H., & Jung, N. H. (2025). Mindfulness-based interventions for adults with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine, 104(37), Article e44308. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000044308

Lenzi, F., Cortese, S., Harris, J., & Masi, G. (2018). Pharmacotherapy of emotional dysregulation in adults with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 84, 359–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.010

Lieberman, M. D., Eisenberger, N. I., Crockett, M. J., Tom, S. M., Pfeifer, J. H., & Way, B. M. (2007). Putting feelings into words: Affect labeling disrupts amygdala activity in response to affective stimuli. Psychological Science, 18(5), 421–428. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01916.x

Liu, C.-I., Hua, M.-H., Lu, M.-L., & Goh, K. K. (2023). Effectiveness of cognitive behavioural-based interventions for adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder extends beyond core symptoms: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 96(3), 543–559. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12455

Mansell, W., Morrison, A. P., Reid, G., Lowens, I., & Tai, S. (2007). The interpretation of, and responses to, changes in internal states: an integrative cognitive model of mood swings and bipolar disorders. Behavioural and Cognitive psychotherapy, 35(5), 515-539.

Marques, S., Correia-de-Sá, T., Guardiano, M., Sampaio-Maia, B., & Ferreira-Gomes, J. (2024). Emotion dysregulation and depressive symptoms mediate the association between inhibitory control difficulties and aggressive behaviour in children with ADHD. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 15, Article 1329401. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1329401

Miller, E. M., Thomas, T. C., Gerhardt, G. A., & Glaser, P. E. (2013). Dopamine and glutamate interactions in ADHD: implications for the future neuropharmacology of ADHD. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents, 109.

Munawar, K., Choudhry, F. R., Lee, S. H., Siau, C. S., Kadri, N. B. M., & Binti Sulong, R. M. (2021). Acceptance and commitment therapy for individuals having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A scoping review. Heliyon, 7(8), Article e07842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07842

Ng, Q. X., Ho, C. Y. X., Chan, H. W., Yong, B. Z. J., & Yeo, W. S. (2017). Managing childhood and adolescent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with exercise: A systematic review. Complementary therapies in medicine, 34, 123-128.

Panagiotidi, M., Overton, P. G., & Stafford, T. (2018). The relationship between ADHD traits and sensory sensitivity in the general population. Comprehensive psychiatry, 80, 179-185.

Rosen, P. J., & Factor, P. I. (2015). Emotional impulsivity and emotional and behavioral difficulties among children with ADHD: An ecological momentary assessment study. Journal of Attention Disorders, 19(9), 779–793. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054712463064

Schrevel, S. J., Dedding, C., van Aken, J. A., & Broerse, J. E. (2016). ‘Do I need to become someone else?’A qualitative exploratory study into the experiences and needs of adults with ADHD. Health Expectations, 19(1), 39-48.

Shaw, P., Stringaris, A., Nigg, J., & Leibenluft, E. (2014). Emotion dysregulation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171(3), 276–293. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13070966

Shekim, W. O., Asarnow, R. F., Hess, E., Zaucha, K., & Wheeler, N. (1990). A clinical and demographic profile of a sample of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, residual state. Comprehensive psychiatry, 31(5), 416-425

Tannock, R. (2000). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with anxiety disorders.

Walerius, D. M., Reyes, R. A., Rosen, P. J., & Factor, P. I. (2018). Functional impairment variability in children with ADHD due to emotional impulsivity. Journal of Attention Disorders, 22(8), 724–737. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054714561859

Webb, T. L., Miles, E., & Sheeran, P. (2012). Dealing with feeling: A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation. Psychological Bulletin, 138(4), 775–808. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027600

Winstanley, C. A., Eagle, D. M., & Robbins, T. W. (2006). Behavioral models of impulsivity in relation to ADHD: translation between clinical and preclinical studies. Clinical psychology review, 26(4), 379-395.